Spoken vs Unspoken Peer Pressure Guide for Adult Leader National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism NIAAA

Basing management solely on escapement would make it more difficult to ensure there was at least some harvestable surplus available to all salmon users in Cook Inlet across all jurisdictions when cooperation is not guaranteed through established agreements. A new chapter 4 comprehensively describes Federal management measures and the roles and responsibilities of NMFS and the Council in managing the Cook Inlet EEZ Area salmon fishery. In particular, chapter 4 defines all required conservation and management measures, including maximum sustainable yield (MSY), optimum yield (OY), and status determination criteria, and includes an outline of the harvest specifications process.

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For Tier 3 stock complexes without any suitable indicator stocks with escapement goals, it is not possible to calculate MSST. An escapement goal is the number of spawning salmon likely to result in sustainable yields over a broad range of expected conditions. Any fish in excess of that necessary to achieve the escapement goal for each stock or stock complex are theoretically available for harvest under this definition of MSY. For stocks where escapement is not known, historical catch is used as a proxy for MSY. On April 26, 2023, NMFS notified Alaska Native representatives that NMFS would hold a public hearing to receive input on an amendment to the Salmon FMP to establish Federal management for salmon fishing in the Federal waters of upper Cook Inlet.

Number and Description of Small Entities Regulated by This Final Action

State requirements, including possession of appropriate State Commercial Fisheries Entry Commission (CFEC) permit(s), continue to apply for drift gillnet vessels landing salmon or other species caught in the EEZ within the State or entering State waters. On or after the season start date, NMFS will open the Cook Inlet EEZ Area for drift gillnet fishing for two, 12-hour periods each week, from 7 a.m. Thursday, a schedule that will continue until July 15 unless a harvest limit (TAC) is reached. From July 16 to July 31, drift gillnet fishing will be open for one 12-hour period per week from 7 a.m. From August 1 to August 15, the Cook Inlet EEZ Area will again be open for drift gillnet fishing for two, 12-hour periods each week, from 7 a.m. The Cook Inlet EEZ Area will be closed to drift gillnet fishing when the TAC is reached, or on August 15, whichever comes first.

Requirements for Processors and Other Entities Receiving Deliveries of Commercially Caught Cook Inlet EEZ Salmon

Rising above peer pressure means not giving in to the pull of others to act in a certain way. No matter your age, you can practice not giving in to negative peer pressure and work on surrounding yourself with more positive influences. Once a child begins seeing themselves as a part of a community, the desire to fit in may occur for better or worse. This is why it is important to talk to your child early on about peer pressure and how to avoid being led into negative behaviors by their peers. Peer pressure is any type of influence, positive or negative, that comes from a peer group. This peer group may be of similar age (e.g., children in the same classroom) but it can also be defined by other commonalities, including motherhood, professional affiliations, and your local neighborhood.

• Recreational fishing for salmon in the Cook Inlet EEZ Area may only be done using hook and line gear with a single line per angler with a maximum of two hooks.
• Similar to unspoken peer pressure, indirect peer pressure is subtle but can still exert a strong influence on an impressionable young person.
• For charter fishing vessels (NAICS code ), this threshold is combined annual receipts not in excess of $9 million.
• As adults, this circle expands to our co-workers, spouse & their family, social media groups, and family & relatives.

In this parallel fishery, some of the Federal TAC is harvested in State waters, under State regulations generally mirroring those used in Federal waters. NMFS does not establish a TAC for State waters or manage in State waters; rather, NMFS deducts catch in the parallel fishery from the Federal TAC per a longstanding arrangement that ensures this fishery does not create conservation concerns. The State originally developed and implemented parallel fisheries to provide fishing opportunities within State waters before the State had capacity and expertise to independently develop and manage State water groundfish fisheries (GHL fisheries).

Behavioral Addiction

At the close of the amendment 16 public comment period on December 18, 2023, NMFS received written comments from NTC, Salamatof Tribe, CVTC, and Kenaitze Tribe. The Salamatof Tribe requested separate government-to-government engagement while the remaining Cook Inlet tribes requested joint government-to-government consultation. On January 8, 2024, NMFS met with the Salamatof Tribe to share a status update on amendment 16 as well as hear and better understand their perspectives on the need for an indigenous which of the following is a type of indirect peer pressure? subsistence fishery set-aside. On January 9, 2024, NMFS met with 11 Alaska Native representatives, including the NVC, CVTC, Seldovia Village Tribe, NTC, Knik Tribe, Native Village of Eklutna, Kenaitze Tribe, Chugach Regional Resource Commission, Ninilchik Native Association, Tyonek Native Corporation, and the Salamatof Tribe. NMFS listened to tribal concerns and perspectives regarding the new idea for an indigenous subsistence fishery set-aside and provided a status update on the amendment 16 process.

These are some negative peer pressure effects:

• Amendment 16 consolidates chapters describing management of the Salmon FMP’s East Area and West Area into chapter 3.
• Who should we be friends with, what subjects should we choose, where should we work, how much money should we save, where should we buy our new house, are all decisions that we need to take each day.
• If you are helping someone else deal with peer pressure and the teen is reluctant to talk about it, don’t worry, just be supportive and available when he/she needs you.
• Upon receipt and approval of an SFFP surrender application, NMFS will withdraw the SFFP from active status.
• The stocks that are mixed in the EEZ may be more discretely targeted in State waters management districts.

If someone persistently pressures you to do something, you can try telling them how it affects you. Teens who volunteer in their community can keep each other motivated to participate. This involvement can lead to exposure to role models and eventually lead to the teens becoming positive role models themselves. Peer pressure causes people to do things they would not otherwise do with the hope of fitting in or being noticed. Even if no one tells the teenager to smoke a cigarette in the example above, the teen may still feel pressured by their peers to partake in the activity because it seems like everyone is doing it.

In addition to establishing TACs that are suitably precautionary in light of uncertainty, the other primary means by which NMFS prevents overfishing and ensures all stocks are able to meet their escapement goals is by managing the amount and timing of scheduled fishing periods. In this final rule, NMFS has decided to decrease the number of commercial fishing openings between July 16 and July 31 from two to one per week. This more closely aligns with the number of openings under the status quo and is responsive to the significant public comments received on the importance of this time period to Northern Cook Inlet salmon stocks that transit through the EEZ to spawning grounds. From June 19 until July 15, and from August 1 to August 15, there will still be two drift gillnet fishery openings per week, unless otherwise closed. NMFS expects that when there are high salmon abundances, and no constraining stocks, this management framework will allow for harvest of TACs in the Cook Inlet EEZ Area.

• This can affect anyone at any given age, but it takes a tool mostly in adolescents because as they try to develop friendships and fit in, they end up falling prey to social pressure.
• After you have removed yourself from the situation, focus on surrounding yourself with positive and uplifting friends and get involved in lots of healthy activities.
• This can lead teens to compare the true reality of their lives to the “picture-perfect” portrayal of others’ lives and feel pressure to keep up.
• It can be difficult to find the right way to say no to friends and classmates, especially if you are worried about possible consequences such as bullying, social isolation, or rejection.
• But even if NMFS were required to show that TACs or VMS requirements were fair and equitable to the drift gillnet fleet when compared to regulations that apply to the only other authorized sector in the EEZ, the recreational sector, it easily meets that burden here.
• No fishing has yet occurred under amendment 16 to the Salmon FMP and this final rule, and NMFS has no information that suggests that State action or inaction will prevent the Council or NMFS from carrying out the management measures and management objectives specified in amendment 16.

Social Psychological Explanation

Amendment 16 and this final rule establish Federal fishery management for all salmon fishing that occurs in the Cook Inlet EEZ, which includes commercial drift gillnet and recreational salmon fishery sectors. District Court for the District of Alaska, and to ensure the Salmon FMP is consistent with the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act). This final rule is intended to promote the goals and objectives of the Magnuson-Stevens Act, the Salmon FMP, and other applicable laws. To start, this action allocates all commercial fishing privileges in the Cook Inlet EEZ to the drift gillnet fleet—NMFS cannot conclude that an allocation made to a single sector is not fair and equitable for that sector.